Ethereum 2.0 didn’t switch to BLS for novelty. It was a necessity.
ECDSA and Ed25519 got us far. But Ethereum 2.0 and other high-throughput chains demand more: scalable aggregation, robust threshold signing, and efficient multi-signature verification.
BLS delivers. Built on pairing-friendly curves like BLS12-381, it enables true signature aggregation, simpler threshold cryptography, and exact verification that scales with thousands of signers, without hacks or heuristics.
Auditing smart contracts isn’t just about finding bugs; it’s about cultivating paranoia—the healthy kind. You learn to ask: What assumptions is this code making? What happens if they break? Who gains if something goes wrong?
Here’s a peek into how I approached a sample audit, step-by-step, and turned raw code into a structured security review.
When designing software interfaces—especially APIs—it's tempting to favor flexibility and abstraction. But there are domains where performance, predictability, and simplicity demand a different mindset.
This is what design is about: the Tradeoffs.
Let's take Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) as an example:
1114 contributions to Tornado.Cash Trusted Setup, 141,416 contributions to Ethereum's KZG ceremony! But what are these ceremonies about? Why do they matter?